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The program’s instructions interpret the algorithm's tasks in a programming language. Also the execution LoA provides a semantic interpretation of the assembly/machine code operations into the medium given by the structural properties of the physical machine. According to the analysis in (Rapaport 1999, 2005), implementation is an asymmetric relation: if I is an implementation of A, A cannot be an implementation of I. However, the author argues that any LoA can be both a syntactic and a semantic level, that is, it can play the role of both the implementation I and of a syntactic domain A. Whereas an algorithm is assigned a semantic interpretation by a program expressed in a high-level language, the same algorithm provides a semantic interpretation for the specification. It follows that the abstraction-implementation relation pairs the functional-structural relation for computational systems. Primiero (2020) considers this latter aspect as one main limit of Rapaport’s (1999, 2005) account of implementation: implementation reduces to a unique relation between a syntactic level and its semantic interpretation and it does not account for the layered ontology of computational systems seen in §1.2.
A subset of the FACS is the Emotional Facial Action Coding System (EMFACS) that considers only emotion-related facial actions. The above emotions match seven of the eight emotions detected by the Project Oxford Emotion API. The eighth is ‘Neutral’ and I would guess that is simply a catch-all given the combined scores for all 8 emotions add up to 1. For example, a ‘half-smile, half-grimace’ expression might be given a score of 0.4 for Happiness, 0.3 for Surprise, 0.2 for Contempt and 0.1 for Neutral. What’s interesting is that, of the seven emotions (ignoring the 8th - neutral), five have perceived negative connotations - sadness, anger, fear, disgust and contempt. Only one would be considered positive - happiness. Surprise could go either way and needs to be measured along with the score for happiness versus fear or disgust. The emphasis on negativity is a factor that should be taken into consideration when using the emotion algorithm. I promised the individuals involved that their images would not be used and there would be no identifying details shared publicly.
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