A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling. Fans are used to draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside and move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component. Both axial and sometimes centrifugal (blower/squirrel-cage) fans are used in computers. Computer fans commonly come in standard sizes, such as 92 mm, 120 mm (most common), 140 mm, and even 200-220 mm. Computer fans are powered and controlled using 3-pin or 4-pin fan connectors. While in earlier personal computers it was possible to cool most components using natural convection (passive cooling), many modern components require more effective active cooling. To cool these components, fans are used to move heated air away from the components and draw cooler air over them. Fans attached to components are usually used in combination with a heat sink to increase the area of heated surface in contact with the air, thereby improving the efficiency of cooling.
Proprietary programming languages are commonly domain specific languages or internal scripting languages for a single product; some proprietary languages are used only internally within a vendor, while others are available to external users. Common Language Runtime (CLR) as a closed environment. Many proprietary languages are widely used, in spite of their proprietary nature; examples include MATLAB, VBScript, and Wolfram Language. Some languages may make the transition from closed to open; for example, Erlang was originally an Ericsson's internal programming language. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computing field. Individual software projects commonly use five programming languages or more. Programming languages differ from most other forms of human expression in that they require a greater degree of precision and completeness. When using a natural language to communicate with other people, human authors and speakers can be ambiguous and make small errors, and still expect their intent to be understood. However, figuratively speaking, computers "do exactly what they are told to do", and cannot "understand" what code the programmer intended to write.
In 2016, the game was parodied in an episode of Teen Titans Go! Also in 2016, Pressman Toy Corporation released The Oregon Trail card game based on the video game. In 2018 a handheld electronic version of the game was produced by the company Basic Fun. This battery-powered version featured a small TV monitor that replicated the look and sounds of one of the older PC/Apple versions of the game. The game was referenced on the May 15, 2020, edition of WWE Smackdown. Lipinski, Jed (July 29, 2013). "The Legend of The Oregon Trail". Shea, Jeremy (February 24, 2014). "An Interview With the Teacher-Turned-Developer Behind 'Oregon Trail'". Yester: Then For Now. Veeneman, Dan. "Hewlett-Packard HP 2000 Time Shared BASIC". Lussenhop, Jessica (January 19, 2011). "Oregon Trail: How three Minnesotans forged its path". Bouchard, R. Philip (June 29, 2017). "How I Managed to Design the Most Successful Educational Computer Game of All Time".
On a global note, a controversial “computer-political” case arose on March 8, 2005, when Japan’s anti-monopoly agency demanded that Intel Corporation stop business practices that the agency alleged were giving the world’s dominant CPU chip maker an unfair advantage in the PC marketplace. Japan’s Fair Trade Commission (FTC) maintained that it would put forth a motion to enforce harsh actions if Intel failed to respond within 10 days to the allegations. In particular, the FTC claimed that Intel was in breach of Japan’s antitrust laws as early as 2002 when the company gave discounts and marketing payments to PC manufacturers in exchange for exclusivity or near-exclusivity. The FTC claimed that Intel was engaging in actions to keep the CPUs made by competing companies from being used-thus resulting in the limited marketing success of Japan’s own CPU chip manufacturers. Intel’s marketshare of the CPU market in Japan rose to 90% in 2004 from 78% in 2002. The FTC alleged that Intel had offered special incentives to Hitachi Ltd., Sony Corporation, Fujitsu Ltd., Toshiba Corporation, and NEC Corporation to use the Intel chip and the branding of “Intel Inside” or “Centrino” (Intel’s wireless networking chipset). Intel defended its business practices as being not only fair but also lawful. Associated Press. Microchips: Japanese Watchdog says Intel Practices Illegal. The Globe and Mail, March 9, 2005, p. B12; Kesterton, M. Upgrade Your System?
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