The initial Network Computing standard, the Network Computer Reference Profile (NCRef), required that all 'NC' appliances supported HTML, Java, HTTP, JPEG, and other key standards. Because many NCs did not use Intel CPUs or Microsoft software, Microsoft and Intel developed a competing standard called NetPC. Other alternatives to the NCRef were WeBRef (Motorola and HDS Network Systems) and Odin (National Semiconductor). The Acorn Network Computer was Oracle's initial reference implementation of the NC. RISC OS to create NCOS. Acorn made use of local partner companies ANT, Icon Technology and Design Edge to fulfil their contract. In 1997 Apple announced the Mac NC, its attempt to develop the Pippin into a network computer platform. By the end of 1997, Steve Jobs discontinued all Macintosh clone efforts, effectively killing the Pippin, although key components of the Mac NC technology were inherited by the original iMac. The first generation NetStation design and the NetStation trademark was licensed to NChannel, which provided the consumer equipment and Internet service (with associated infrastructure) for the UK market.
Like other Apple II machines before it, the IIGS is highly expandable. The expansion slots can be used for a variety of purposes, greatly increasing the computer's capabilities. SCSI host adapters can be used to connect external SCSI devices such as hard drives and a CD-ROM drive. Other mass-storage devices such as adapters supporting more recent internal 2.5-inch IDE hard drives can also be used. Another common class of Apple IIGS expansion cards is accelerator cards, such as Applied Engineering's TransWarp GS, replacing the computer's original processor with a faster one. Applied Engineering developed the PC Transporter, which is essentially an IBM-PC/XT on a card. A variety of other cards were also produced, including ones allowing new technologies such as 10BASE-T Ethernet and CompactFlash cards to be used on the IIGS. Steve Wozniak said in January 1985 that Apple was investigating the 65816, and that an 8MHz version would "beat the pants off a 68000 in most applications", but any product using it would have to be compatible with the Apple II.
For the very same reason, software tokens cannot misfunction, since they are implementations of the same intentions and specifications. Only software types can misfunction in case of poor design; misfunctioning software types are able to correctly perform their functions but may also produce some undesired side-effect. For the application of the notion of malfunctioning to the problem of malware classification, see (Primiero et al. Between the 1960s and the 1970s, computer science emerged as an academic discipline independent from its older siblings, mathematics and physics, and with it the problem of defining its epistemological status as influenced by mathematical, empirical, and engineering methods (Tedre and Sutien 2008, Tedre 2011, Tedre 2015, Primiero 2020). A debate is still in place today concerning whether computer science has to be mostly considered as a mathematical discipline, a branch of engineering, or as a scientific discipline. The origin of the analysis of computation as a mathematical notion came notoriously from logic, with Hilbert's question concerning the decidability of predicate calculus, known as the Entschiedungsproblem (Hilbert and Ackermann 1950): could there be a mechanical procedure for deciding of an arbitrary sentence of logic whether it is provable? To address this question, a rigorous model of the informal concept of an effective or mechanical method in logic and mathematics was required.
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