As the number of components escalated into the thousands, these chips began to be referred to as large-scale integration chips, and computers using them are sometimes called fourth-generation computers. The invention of the microprocessor was the culmination of this trend. Although computers were still rare and often regarded as a threat to employment, calculators were common and accepted in offices. With advances in semiconductor technology, a market was emerging for sophisticated electronic desktop calculators. It was, in fact, a calculator project that turned into a milestone in the history of computer technology. In 1969 Busicom, a Japanese calculator company, commissioned Intel Corporation to make the chips for a line of calculators that Busicom intended to sell. Custom chips were made for many clients, and this was one more such contract, hardly unusual at the time. Intel was one of several semiconductor companies to emerge in Silicon Valley, having spun off from Fairchild Semiconductor.
In the 9th century, the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi described a cryptographic algorithm for deciphering encrypted code, in A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages. He gave the first description of cryptanalysis by frequency analysis, the earliest code-breaking algorithm. The first computer program is generally dated to 1843, when mathematician Ada Lovelace published an algorithm to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, intended to be carried out by Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. In the 1880s Herman Hollerith invented the concept of storing data in machine-readable form. Later a control panel (plug board) added to his 1906 Type I Tabulator allowed it to be programmed for different jobs, and by the late 1940s, unit record equipment such as the IBM 602 and IBM 604, were programmed by control panels in a similar way, as were the first electronic computers. However, with the concept of the stored-program computer introduced in 1949, both programs and data were stored and manipulated in the same way in computer memory.
Looking for an essay-friendly definition? A computer virus is a program or piece of code designed to damage your computer by corrupting system files, wasting resources, destroying data or otherwise being a nuisance. Viruses are unique from other forms of malware in that they are self-replicating - capable of copying themselves across files or other computers without a user's consent. Basically, they are really contagious. Not every piece of software that attacks your PC is a virus. Computer viruses are just one kind of malware (mal-icious soft-ware). Trojans: like the ancient wooden horse full of attackers it takes its name from, this malware pretends to be harmless legitimate software, or comes embedded in it, in order to trick the user and open up the gates for other malware to infect a PC. Spyware: with examples such as keyloggers, this kind of malware is designed to spy on users, save their passwords, credit card details, other personal data and online behavior patterns, and send them off to whoever programmed it.
These self-executing programs are often very tiny and work at damaging the way in which your personal computer works or perhaps by detrimental or absolutely removing critical system files. When personal computer viruses really are a hot issue, more and more people learn about the destructive power of the programs. This way a great a lot of people learn about virus safeguard programs and rush out to get the hottest protection movements or they be sure that their pc virus protection is updated. Many mag and reports articles concerning computer viruses contain the effect with sometimes panicking people into believing that their particular computers are in danger. Having a superb anti-virus application and recent updates is just about the best ways of protect your pc system versus virus assaults. This must also be coupled with good document habits such as scanning most of downloaded files using the anti-virus application before cutting open them.
Since iOS 3.2, users are able to set a background image for the Home Screen. This feature is only available on third-generation devices-iPhone 3GS, third-generation iPod Touch (iOS 4.0 or newer), and all iPad models (since iOS 3.2)-or newer. OS 7 introduced a parallax effect on the Home Screen, which shifts the device's wallpaper and icons in response to the movement of the device, creating a 3D effect and an illusion of floating icons. This effect is also visible in the tab view of Mail and Safari. Researchers found that users organize icons on their homescreens based on usage frequency and relatedness of the applications, as well as for reasons of usability and aesthetics. OS originally used Helvetica as the system font. With iOS 7, Apple announced that they would change the system font to Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate usage of a light, thin typeface for low-resolution mobile screens.
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