Computer science is the study of computers and computing concepts. It includes both hardware and software, as well as networking and the Internet. The hardware aspect of computer science overlaps with electrical engineering. It covers the basic design of computers and the way they work. A fundamental understanding of how a computer "computes," or performs calculations, provides the foundation for comprehending more advanced concepts. For example, understanding how a computer operates in binary allows you to understand how computers add, subtract, and perform other operations. Learning about logic gates enables you to make sense of processor architecture. The software side of computer science covers programming concepts as well as specific programming languages. Programming concepts include functions, algorithms, and source code design. Computer science also covers compilers, operating systems, and software applications. User-focused aspects of computer science include computer graphics and user interface design. Since nearly all computers are now connected to the Internet, the computer science umbrella covers Internet technologies as well. This includes Internet protocols, telecommunications, and networking concepts. It also involves practical applications, such as web design and network administration. NOTE: While computer science (lowercase) refers to the general study of computers, Computer Science (capitalized) is an academic major offered at many colleges and universities. Computer Science classes may also be specific to certain industries or topics. Like other educational disciplines, Computer Science courses vary from beginner to advanced. The number of a Computer Science course typically indicates the level of the class.
Name any area in the computer science and technology field - software engineering, web development, cybersecurity, network administration, the list is almost endless - and you are bound to find the demand for trained professionals to be strong and only getting stronger. The key for anyone interested in pursuing a computer career is determining which area suits him or her best and then following an education and employment path to success. This guide gives prospective students the resources to begin mapping out these steps for a variety of computer science degrees and careers, along with additional helpful details such as job growth and salary figures. Web development degree programs help prepare students for careers as web designers and developers. Learn about degrees available, job growth and salaries. Become Team November 17, 2020 Web designers are in high demand, and the field is expected to see significant growth in coming years. Software engineering degrees help prepare students for careers developing software.
Ken Knowlton developed the Beflix (Bell Flicks) animation system in 1963, which was used to produce dozens of artistic films by artists Stan VanDerBeek, Knowlton and Lillian Schwartz. Instead of raw programming, Beflix worked using simple "graphic primitives", like draw a line, copy a region, fill an area, zoom an area, and the like. In 1965, Michael Noll created computer-generated stereographic 3D movies, including a ballet of stick figures moving on a stage. Some movies also showed four-dimensional hyper-objects projected to three dimensions. Around 1967, Noll used the 4D animation technique to produce computer animated title sequences for the commercial film short Incredible Machine (produced by Bell Labs) and the TV special The Unexplained (produced by Walt DeFaria). Many projects in other fields were also undertaken at this time. In the 1960s, William Fetter was a graphic designer for Boeing at Wichita, and was credited with coining the phrase "Computer Graphics" to describe what he was doing at Boeing at the time (though Fetter himself credited this to colleague Verne Hudson).
Back in the 1970s and 1980s, if you wanted a home computer to do almost anything at all, you had to write your own little program to do it. For example, before you could write a letter on a computer, you had to write a program that would read the letters you typed on the keyboard, store them in the memory, and display them on the screen. Writing the program usually took more time than doing whatever it was that you had originally wanted to do (writing the letter). Pretty soon, people started selling programs like word processors to save you the need to write programs yourself. Today, most computer users rely on prewritten programs like Microsoft Word and Excel or download apps for their tablets and smartphones without caring much how they got there. Hardly anyone writes programs any more, which is a shame, because it's great fun and a really useful skill.
In retrospect, it seems IBM stepped into a void that remained, paradoxically, at the center of a crowded market. Creative Computing that year named the PC the best desktop computer between $2000 and $4000, praising its vast hardware and software selection, manufacturer support, and resale value. Many IBM PCs remained in service long after their technology became largely obsolete. For instance, as of June 2006 (23-25 years after release) IBM PC and XT models were still in use at the majority of U.S. National Weather Service upper-air observing sites, processing data returned from radiosondes attached to weather balloons. Due to its status as the first entry in the extremely influential PC industry, the original IBM PC remains valuable as a collector's item. As with all PC-derived systems, all IBM PC models are nominally software-compatible, although some timing-sensitive software will not run correctly on models with faster CPUs. Because the IBM PC was based on commodity hardware rather than unique IBM components, and because its operation was extensively documented by IBM, creating machines that were fully compatible with the PC offered few challenges other than the creation of a compatible BIOS ROM.
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